近日，國(guó)務(wù)院下發(fā)了《關(guān)于進(jìn)一步深化電力體制改革的若干意見(jiàn)》(以下簡(jiǎn)稱新電改方案)，這是繼2002年國(guó)務(wù)院下發(fā)《電力體制改革方案》、時(shí)隔13年之后重新開啟的針對(duì)電力行業(yè)的新一輪改革。新電改強(qiáng)調(diào)“管住中間、放開兩頭”，其中有序向社會(huì)資本放開配售電業(yè)務(wù)，成為本輪電改方案的最大亮點(diǎn)，標(biāo)志著我國(guó)一直以來(lái)電網(wǎng)公司的傳統(tǒng)盈利模式被打破。受此影響，一些工商業(yè)者盤算著新電改施行之后用電成本下降會(huì)為企業(yè)節(jié)省不少成本，而受新電改方案沖擊較大的電網(wǎng)公司，一些中層干部動(dòng)了心思，有人準(zhǔn)備抓住機(jī)會(huì)下海搏一搏。

　　□方案

　　放開配售電業(yè)務(wù)成最大亮點(diǎn)

　　新電改方案概括起來(lái)是“三放開、一獨(dú)立、三加強(qiáng)”，即：按照“管住中間、放開兩頭”的體制架構(gòu)，有序放開輸配以外的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性環(huán)節(jié)電價(jià)、有序向社會(huì)資本放開配售電業(yè)務(wù)、有序放開公益性和調(diào)節(jié)性以外的發(fā)用電計(jì)劃，推進(jìn)交易機(jī)構(gòu)相對(duì)獨(dú)立、規(guī)范運(yùn)行，進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)化政府監(jiān)管、進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)化電力統(tǒng)籌規(guī)劃、進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)化電力安全高效運(yùn)行和可靠供應(yīng)。

　　國(guó)家發(fā)展改革委體改司巡視員王強(qiáng)表示，管住中間是指對(duì)具有自然壟斷屬性的輸配電網(wǎng)環(huán)節(jié)加強(qiáng)政府監(jiān)管、實(shí)行政府定價(jià)，確保電網(wǎng)公平開放、市場(chǎng)公平交易，并更好地實(shí)現(xiàn)電網(wǎng)科學(xué)規(guī)劃，充分發(fā)揮電網(wǎng)規(guī)模效益、提高管理效率。放開兩頭是指在發(fā)電側(cè)和售電側(cè)實(shí)行市場(chǎng)開放準(zhǔn)入，引入競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，放開用戶選擇權(quán)，形成多買多賣的市場(chǎng)格局，價(jià)格由市場(chǎng)形成，發(fā)揮市場(chǎng)配置資源的決定性作用。管住中間、放開兩頭的體制構(gòu)架符合國(guó)際電力市場(chǎng)化改革的基本特征，符合我國(guó)的基本國(guó)情和發(fā)展階段，也是兼顧市場(chǎng)手段和政府作用在電力行業(yè)發(fā)揮功能的最佳方式。

　　外界普遍認(rèn)為，新電改方案最大的亮點(diǎn)是“三放開”當(dāng)中的“有序向社會(huì)資本放開配售電業(yè)務(wù)”，尤其是其中的售電業(yè)務(wù)，這是電力行業(yè)的終端環(huán)節(jié)，也是與廣大用電者、用電市場(chǎng)聯(lián)系最為緊密的環(huán)節(jié)，當(dāng)然也是各方利益盤根錯(cuò)節(jié)、難度頗大的一環(huán)。此外，新電改方案界定了發(fā)電、輸電、配電、售電四個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)的性質(zhì)，尤其是對(duì)輸電環(huán)節(jié)也就是電網(wǎng)企業(yè)的性質(zhì)界定，這是所謂的“管住中間”，也值得期待。

　　□樣本

　　深圳成電改首個(gè)試點(diǎn)

　　今年1月，深圳正式啟動(dòng)電改試點(diǎn)工作，為全國(guó)首個(gè)試點(diǎn)城市。試點(diǎn)工作的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵是對(duì)輸配電電價(jià)成本進(jìn)行厘清，也就是明確哪些是真正的電力成本，對(duì)電網(wǎng)線路、變電設(shè)備及其他輸配電業(yè)務(wù)進(jìn)行成本核算，算出一個(gè)“合理”的電價(jià)。

　　根據(jù)深圳電改的初步估算，未來(lái)三年深圳輸配電電價(jià)每度將下降1分多錢，未來(lái)三年電網(wǎng)公司在深圳將累計(jì)減少收益24億元。而最新的消息是，深圳方面正在組建民營(yíng)售電主體，要參與到新電改方案的售電市場(chǎng)開放改革中，這意味著深圳終端電價(jià)還有可能進(jìn)一步下降。

　　實(shí)際上電力系統(tǒng)改革的一個(gè)難點(diǎn)就在于輸配電電價(jià)成本核算，這被外界稱為是一個(gè)暗箱地帶，電網(wǎng)公司不愿說(shuō)清楚，某種程度上也確實(shí)說(shuō)不清楚。因?yàn)檩斉潆婋妰r(jià)存在著大量的交叉補(bǔ)貼，難以厘清。

　　簡(jiǎn)單點(diǎn)說(shuō)，工商業(yè)用電戶一般都比較集中，電壓等級(jí)也高，這對(duì)于電網(wǎng)公司來(lái)說(shuō)電網(wǎng)線路鋪設(shè)省力、降壓也容易、電力傳輸損耗也少，所以供電成本就低。而居民用電分布分散，尤其是一些農(nóng)村，可能要專門鋪設(shè)電網(wǎng)線路，而且居民用電電壓等級(jí)最低，所以供電成本就很高。所以如果完全由市場(chǎng)決定的話，工商業(yè)電價(jià)應(yīng)該便宜，居民電價(jià)則貴，但是我們的做法是工商業(yè)電價(jià)高，以此通過(guò)政府統(tǒng)籌調(diào)節(jié)來(lái)補(bǔ)貼居民用電，這中間就存在著大量的交叉補(bǔ)貼，比如工商業(yè)用電對(duì)城市居民用電的反哺、城市電網(wǎng)對(duì)農(nóng)村電網(wǎng)的反哺等。

　　深圳成為電改試點(diǎn)就在于其經(jīng)濟(jì)高度發(fā)達(dá)、城市化程度領(lǐng)先，在深圳幾乎不存在農(nóng)村電網(wǎng)，交叉補(bǔ)貼較少，容易厘清輸配電電價(jià)。此外深圳市供電局三年前從廣東電網(wǎng)獨(dú)立出來(lái)，成為南方電網(wǎng)的直屬子公司，擁有較多的自主權(quán),鋒速達(dá)玻璃鋼屋頂風(fēng)機(jī)得到了客戶好評(píng)，而深圳市政府方面也有電改的內(nèi)在動(dòng)力，希望通過(guò)降低電價(jià)給區(qū)域內(nèi)的企業(yè)降低成本。這種種因素促成了深圳電改試點(diǎn)的快速推進(jìn)，深圳也成為電改掣肘較少，比較容易的地方。

　　但是同時(shí)，深圳電改經(jīng)驗(yàn)?zāi)芊裣蚱渌�地方推廣普及，有沒(méi)有廣泛的借鑒意義也成為外界關(guān)心的焦點(diǎn)。華北電力大學(xué)教授曾鳴表示，深圳電改試點(diǎn)相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)比較容易，但是要推廣到其他地區(qū)肯定就不那么容易，需要一個(gè)漫長(zhǎng)的過(guò)程，不過(guò)總體來(lái)看深圳的探索和取得的經(jīng)驗(yàn)都是很有價(jià)值的。

　　□解讀

　　電改探因電力行業(yè)發(fā)展面臨矛盾和問(wèn)題

　　2002年的《電力體制改革方案》決定對(duì)電力工業(yè)實(shí)施市場(chǎng)化改革，提出“廠網(wǎng)分開、競(jìng)價(jià)上網(wǎng)、打破壟斷、引入競(jìng)爭(zhēng)”四步走的思路，隨后把國(guó)家電力公司拆分為國(guó)家電網(wǎng)和南方電網(wǎng)兩家電網(wǎng)公司，中國(guó)華能、大唐、華電、中國(guó)國(guó)電和中國(guó)電力投資集團(tuán)公司5家發(fā)電集團(tuán)，以及4家輔業(yè)集團(tuán)公司。經(jīng)過(guò)13年的改革歷程，電力行業(yè)破除了獨(dú)家辦電的體制束縛，初步形成了電力市場(chǎng)主體多元化競(jìng)爭(zhēng)格局。

　　新電改方案對(duì)十三年前的電改進(jìn)行了肯定，認(rèn)為自2002年電力體制改革實(shí)施以來(lái)，電價(jià)形成機(jī)制逐步完善，在發(fā)電環(huán)節(jié)實(shí)行了發(fā)電上網(wǎng)標(biāo)桿電價(jià)，在輸配環(huán)節(jié)初步核定了大部分省份的輸配電價(jià)，在銷售環(huán)節(jié)相繼出臺(tái)差別電價(jià)和懲罰性電價(jià)、居民階梯電價(jià)等政策。

　　與此同時(shí)，電力行業(yè)發(fā)展還面臨一些矛盾和問(wèn)題。其中，交易機(jī)制缺失、市場(chǎng)化定價(jià)機(jī)制尚未完全形成等問(wèn)題仍然突出，造成了市場(chǎng)配置資源的決定性作用難以發(fā)揮，節(jié)能高效環(huán)保機(jī)組不能充分利用，棄水、棄風(fēng)、棄光現(xiàn)象時(shí)有發(fā)生。此外，現(xiàn)行電價(jià)管理仍以政府定價(jià)為主，電價(jià)調(diào)整往往滯后于成本變化，難以及時(shí)并合理反映用電成本、市場(chǎng)供求狀況、資源稀缺程度和環(huán)境保護(hù)支出。因此，推進(jìn)電力體制改革已迫在眉睫、刻不容緩。

　　2002年的《電力體制改革方案》中，除了第一步“廠網(wǎng)分開”由于拆分而迅速實(shí)現(xiàn)之外，后三步基本屬于原地踏步。外界把上一輪電改陷入停滯的原因指向了兩家電網(wǎng)公司，因?yàn)樵诎l(fā)電、輸電、配電和售電四個(gè)主要環(huán)節(jié)中，電網(wǎng)公司包攬了后三個(gè)，形成了巨頭壟斷。

　　國(guó)家能源局副局長(zhǎng)王禹民此前接受媒體采訪時(shí)表示，此次電力體制改革的重點(diǎn)就是要解決五個(gè)問(wèn)題：一是要還原電力商品屬性，形成由市場(chǎng)決定電價(jià)的機(jī)制，以價(jià)格信號(hào)引導(dǎo)資源有效開發(fā)和合理利用。二是要構(gòu)建電力市場(chǎng)體系，促進(jìn)電力資源在更大范圍內(nèi)優(yōu)化配置。三是要支持清潔能源發(fā)展，促進(jìn)能源結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化。四是要逐步打破壟斷，有序放開競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性業(yè)務(wù)，調(diào)動(dòng)社會(huì)投資特別是民間資本積極性，促進(jìn)市場(chǎng)主體多元化。五是要轉(zhuǎn)變政府職能，進(jìn)一步簡(jiǎn)政放權(quán)，加強(qiáng)電力統(tǒng)籌規(guī)劃。

　　業(yè)內(nèi)點(diǎn)評(píng)社會(huì)資本參與尚需細(xì)則和配套

　　王強(qiáng)認(rèn)為，參與新電改的市場(chǎng)主體可以獲得諸多改革紅利。一是發(fā)電企業(yè)可以通過(guò)降低生產(chǎn)成本、提高生產(chǎn)效率的方式，增強(qiáng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，爭(zhēng)取更多的發(fā)電量和收入利潤(rùn)；二是電網(wǎng)企業(yè)將改變傳統(tǒng)贏利模式，通過(guò)重新定位電網(wǎng)功能和電網(wǎng)收益機(jī)制，使得電網(wǎng)企業(yè)管理目標(biāo)更加清晰，更加注重提高效率；三是允許各類資本進(jìn)入售電領(lǐng)域和新增配電領(lǐng)域，將給這些資本帶來(lái)新的潛在盈利機(jī)會(huì)；四是通過(guò)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)機(jī)制的建立激發(fā)電網(wǎng)企業(yè)降本增效，充分保障用戶的權(quán)益；五是電力用戶用電更加便利，工業(yè)和商業(yè)電力用戶擁有自主選擇權(quán)，將增強(qiáng)市場(chǎng)中的議價(jià)能力，帶動(dòng)供電服務(wù)質(zhì)量的改善，用戶權(quán)益可以得到更好保障。

　　不過(guò)要讓參與改革的市場(chǎng)主體獲得紅利也并不是一件容易的事。華北電力大學(xué)教授曾鳴認(rèn)為，如何構(gòu)建售電環(huán)節(jié)市場(chǎng)是決定新電改能否成功的關(guān)鍵，否則很有可能只管住了中間，兩頭的放開則遲遲實(shí)現(xiàn)不了，這樣的話新電改很有可能就像十三年前的那一輪電改一樣陷入停滯。有業(yè)內(nèi)人士指出，新電改方案在向市場(chǎng)開放的過(guò)程中強(qiáng)調(diào)“有序”，這表明這一輪的電力行業(yè)改革與十三年前相比是審慎的漸進(jìn)式的，并不是一味分拆、一放了之，但是目前來(lái)看，新電改方案還是一個(gè)比較大的框架，各種市場(chǎng)主體尤其是社會(huì)資本要參與其中還需要進(jìn)一步的細(xì)則和配套方案，而要想獲得紅利，則需要各方面尤其是被觸動(dòng)了奶酪的電網(wǎng)公司認(rèn)真執(zhí)行新電改方案。

　　實(shí)際上,鋒速達(dá)濕簾冷風(fēng)機(jī)得到了客戶好評(píng)，按照行業(yè)的自然壟斷屬性由強(qiáng)到弱來(lái)排列，依次應(yīng)該為石油、電力、電信。石油行業(yè)從上游的勘探開采，到中間環(huán)節(jié)的管道運(yùn)輸和煉化，再到下游的加油站，中石油和中石化兩家?guī)缀醢�辦了全產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈，不過(guò)中石化從去年起通過(guò)大

　　刀闊斧的自我改革，開始在下游的加油站業(yè)務(wù)引入社會(huì)資本進(jìn)行混合所有制改革。電信行業(yè)也從原來(lái)的移動(dòng)、聯(lián)通、電信三家包辦逐步發(fā)展到現(xiàn)在擁有負(fù)責(zé)網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)施的鐵塔公司，以及下游負(fù)責(zé)整合轉(zhuǎn)銷的虛擬運(yùn)營(yíng)商。從某種意義上說(shuō)，售電環(huán)節(jié)放開后將催生出的售電公司就類似于電信行業(yè)的虛擬運(yùn)營(yíng)商，將給用電者提供更加多樣往往也更加實(shí)惠的用電套餐。當(dāng)然現(xiàn)在虛擬運(yùn)營(yíng)商處于半死不活的生存狀態(tài)，也讓外界對(duì)于市場(chǎng)主體能否真正從售電環(huán)節(jié)獲得改革紅利存有疑問(wèn)。

　　□影響

　　工商業(yè)電價(jià)或下降 居民電價(jià)影響不大

　　新電改方案雖然還是個(gè)大框架，但是方向確定后對(duì)上下游的影響已經(jīng)開始顯現(xiàn)。上周，股市當(dāng)中的電力板塊整體上漲，其中數(shù)只電力股漲停。一些工商業(yè)者盤算著新電改施行之后用電成本下降企業(yè)會(huì)為此省下不少成本。

　　>>工商業(yè)用電

　　大工廠年省電費(fèi)數(shù)百萬(wàn)

　　老胡是浙江人，在北京朝陽(yáng)區(qū)開了一家小飯館，已經(jīng)快十年了,鋒速達(dá)濕簾風(fēng)機(jī)得到了客戶好評(píng)，他說(shuō)沒(méi)有注意到新電改方案的事，就是手中拿著的桂冠電力股票最近半個(gè)月上漲超過(guò)了30%，后來(lái)上網(wǎng)看才知道這是沾了新電改概念的光，很多與電力相關(guān)的股票都在漲。

　　老胡說(shuō)自己的飯館用電每度價(jià)格為1塊錢左右，用電成本還是很低的，夏天飯館會(huì)開空調(diào)，用的電會(huì)多一點(diǎn)，但是在經(jīng)營(yíng)成本中也可以忽略不計(jì)。

　　對(duì)深圳一家生產(chǎn)液晶面板的工廠來(lái)說(shuō)，新電改則可為其節(jié)省不少成本。該工廠運(yùn)營(yíng)高管說(shuō)，新電改后工業(yè)用電如果降價(jià)，那么對(duì)這個(gè)行業(yè)的影響還是很大的。據(jù)其介紹，深圳這邊已經(jīng)開始了電改試點(diǎn)，說(shuō)是工業(yè)用電每度會(huì)降低1分多錢，粗略估算他供職的這家工廠一年在電費(fèi)上能省下300萬(wàn)元左右，而且按照新電改方案的精神，如果跟電廠直接簽購(gòu)電合同，電價(jià)還能便宜，還能省更多。該高管表示，雖然對(duì)年?duì)I收過(guò)億元的大工廠來(lái)說(shuō)，幾百萬(wàn)元的成本下降算不上什么，但是對(duì)深圳、東莞這些城市里小工廠來(lái)說(shuō)，能夠省個(gè)十來(lái)萬(wàn)的電費(fèi)，很多工人的工資就出來(lái)了。

　　>>居民

　　用電價(jià)格目前維持不變

　　在事業(yè)單位工作的劉女士也對(duì)新電改后的電價(jià)很關(guān)心。她說(shuō)，從日常媒體的報(bào)道來(lái)看，電力行業(yè)又被稱為“電老大”，是個(gè)壟斷行業(yè)，新電改如果能讓居民用電價(jià)格有所下降，那就再好不過(guò)了。

　　實(shí)際上，在終端電價(jià)這一市場(chǎng)，分為工商業(yè)電價(jià)和居民電價(jià)兩部分，前者電價(jià)貴、利潤(rùn)高并且占全社會(huì)用電量的八成，后者與居民生活息息相關(guān)，由政府定價(jià)，電價(jià)相對(duì)便宜。

　　有業(yè)內(nèi)人士指出，新電改之后隨著售電環(huán)節(jié)市場(chǎng)主體增加，利潤(rùn)較高的工商業(yè)電價(jià)可能會(huì)下降，當(dāng)然每度電的下降幅度可能只是幾厘，但勢(shì)必會(huì)降低工商業(yè)用戶的成本，提高企業(yè)的利潤(rùn)。而居民電價(jià)部分一直靠政府補(bǔ)貼以及企業(yè)虧損來(lái)壓低價(jià)格，企業(yè)雖有漲價(jià)的沖動(dòng)，但是新電改方案已經(jīng)明確將會(huì)保證居民、農(nóng)業(yè)、重要公用事業(yè)和公益性服務(wù)等用電價(jià)格相對(duì)平穩(wěn)，切實(shí)保障民生。所以居民用電價(jià)格目前將維持不變，當(dāng)然從長(zhǎng)期來(lái)看，按照節(jié)能減排的大要求，居民用電價(jià)格存在上漲的預(yù)期。

　　>>電網(wǎng)公司

　　或?qū)�從盈利單位變身公�?/p>

　　除此之外，受新電改方案沖擊最大的無(wú)疑是電網(wǎng)公司。根據(jù)新電改方案的表述，“電網(wǎng)企業(yè)不再以上網(wǎng)和銷售電價(jià)價(jià)差作為主要收入來(lái)源，而是按照政府核定的輸配電價(jià)收取過(guò)網(wǎng)費(fèi)”，“規(guī)范電網(wǎng)企業(yè)投資和資產(chǎn)管理行為”。

　　中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)會(huì)理事劉滿平指出，這相當(dāng)于明確界定了電網(wǎng)公司的渠道中介功能，電網(wǎng)公司將失去其本不該有的、非企業(yè)的、非市場(chǎng)的職能，其盈利模式將由之前盈利性單位變?yōu)楣�用事業(yè)單位。今后電網(wǎng)就是一高速公路，車流從哪里來(lái)到哪里去都不用管了，而是只負(fù)責(zé)收過(guò)路費(fèi)，而且這個(gè)收費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要由政府來(lái)定。另外現(xiàn)在電網(wǎng)公司還涉及了房地產(chǎn)、金融、傳媒等非主營(yíng)行業(yè)的投資，今后這些也會(huì)受到規(guī)范、控制甚至被要求退出。

　　>>電網(wǎng)職工

　　已有“先知先覺(jué)”者離職創(chuàng)業(yè)

　　一位不愿具名的電網(wǎng)公司高層向記者表示，公司一直在積極配合推動(dòng)電改工作，不存在電改會(huì)讓電網(wǎng)企業(yè)利益受損的事情。

　　不過(guò)北方區(qū)域電網(wǎng)公司一位處級(jí)中層干部告訴記者，自己在南方省市電網(wǎng)公司供職的老同學(xué)有少數(shù)離職創(chuàng)業(yè)，方向是利用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)大數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)提供智能供電解決方案，不過(guò)現(xiàn)在都沒(méi)有成行；還有一些接到了企業(yè)的邀請(qǐng)，也動(dòng)了心思，那些企業(yè)做的都是跟地方供電局有關(guān)的業(yè)務(wù)生意。該處級(jí)干部表示，售電業(yè)務(wù)雖不會(huì)一下子放開，但是對(duì)一些熟悉該塊業(yè)務(wù)的人來(lái)說(shuō)是個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)。

　　有業(yè)內(nèi)人士指出，新電改方案中最大的亮點(diǎn)就是售電業(yè)務(wù)對(duì)外開放，大家關(guān)心的是哪些公司會(huì)首先拿到售電牌照。這中間有很多疑問(wèn)待解，比如會(huì)開放到何種程度，電網(wǎng)公司的人或與電網(wǎng)公司相關(guān)的企業(yè)會(huì)不會(huì)“近水樓臺(tái)先得月”，如果那樣的話售電業(yè)務(wù)放開可能就會(huì)流于形式，甚至?xí)�出現(xiàn)利益勾連、滋生腐敗，讓那些“近水樓臺(tái)者”首先獲得了電力改革的紅利。記者祝劍禾

U.S. ends Boston bombing case with grisly photos - CNN.comBoston (CNN)Martin Richard, an 8-year-boy who once urged people in a school project to "stop hurting each other," was literally blown apart by a homemade bomb as he watched the 2013 Boston Marathon with his family, jurors heard Monday.Federal prosecutors rested their case with grisly testimony about how the bomb Dzhokar Tsarnaev placed near the marathon's finish line tore through the bodies of victims,Martin Richard and Lingzi Lu, a 23-year-old grad student. A second bomb placed by Tsarnaev's brother, Tamerlan, killed Krystle Campbell, a 29-year-old restaurant manager. Tamerlan Tsarnaev was killed in a gun battle with police three days after the bombing.On Monday, Martin's shredded, blood-stained clothes were displayed in court.Henry Neilds, Boston's chief medical examiner, said no part of the boy's 69-pound body was left untouched by the blast, which severed his spinal cord and tore through his abdominal aorta, causing him to bleed to death in minutes.Just WatchedRemembering 8-year-old bombing victimreplayMore Videos ...Remembering 8-year-old bombing victim 03:20PLAY VIDEOAll of those injuries were likely to result in death. But perhaps the most serious was his severed abdominal aorta. It is a major blood vessel and he bled to death in minutes, said Neilds, who performed Martin Richard's autopsy.Several jurors cried openly in court, and the boy's parents sat silently in the audience. Bill Richard lowered his head and held his wife, Denise, close during the graphic testimony and gruesome photographs.In his own testimony, Bill Richard had been unable to find the words to describe what he saw when he rushed to his son's side after the bomb went off:"I saw a little boy who had his body severely damaged by an explosion," Bill Richard told jurors earlier in the trial. "This is difficult," he added, pausing to take a breath. "I just knew from what I saw that there was no chance. The color of his skin, and so on."Neilds gave an official account of the wounds the boy's father found so hard to describe:He said the bomb severed Martin's spinal cord; severed and exposed his lower intestines; ruptured his stomach; nicked or tore his liver, left kidney and adrenal gland; tore off his left arm at the forearm; snapped a bone in his right left; fractured and exposed his ribs; and bruised a lung.Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosPhotos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosDeadly attack at Boston Marathon – An injured man is loaded into an ambulance after two bombs went off near the finish line of the Boston Marathon on April 15, 2013. Three people were killed and at least 264 were injured.Hide Caption 1 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosA man comforts a victim on the sidewalk at the scene of the first explosion.Hide Caption 2 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosThe second explosion goes off near the finish line.Hide Caption 3 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosThe first explosion knocked down 78-year-old runner Bill Iffrig at the finish line. He got up a few minutes later and finished the race.Hide Caption 4 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosA runner embraces another woman on the marathon route near Kenmore Square.Hide Caption 5 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosFormer New England Patriots offensive lineman Joe Andruzzi carries a woman from the scene.Hide Caption 6 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosA victim of the first explosion is helped on the sidewalk of Boylston Street.Hide Caption 7 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosAn injured person is taken away from the scene in a wheelchair.Hide Caption 8 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosA woman kneels and prays at near the finish line.Hide Caption 9 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosPeople run down Exeter Street after the blasts.Hide Caption 10 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosThe explosions occurred around 2:45 p.m., about an hour after the first of the race's nearly 27,000 runners had crossed the finish line.Hide Caption 11 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosVictims lie on the ground at the scene of the first explosion.Hide Caption 12 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosA couple runs from the scene pushing a stroller.Hide Caption 13 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosA runner reacts near Kenmore Square after the explosions.Hide Caption 14 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosA man's blood-stained feet hang outside an ambulance.Hide Caption 15 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosA bystander who was injured in the first explosion is wheeled across the finish line while receiving medical attention from rescue workers.Hide Caption 16 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosCarlos Arredondo was at the race handing out American flags to spectators. After the blasts, he helped emergency responders and is credited with helping a man survive serious leg wounds.Hide Caption 17 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosThe second explosion goes off near the finish line.Hide Caption 18 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosPolice look at blown-out windows. The bombs shook buildings, witnesses said, sending people to seek shelter under tables.Hide Caption 19 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosUnclaimed runners' bags fill an area near the marathon finish.Hide Caption 20 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosWomen desperate to hear from loved ones are unable to get close to the site of the attack.Hide Caption 21 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosPolice and runners stand near Kenmore Square after the attack.Hide Caption 22 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosRunners gather near Kenmore Square after the explosions.Hide Caption 23 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosAn EMT worker is transferred to an ambulance outside a medical tent in Copley Square.Hide Caption 24 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosA SWAT team arrives on the scene.Hide Caption 25 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosA runner sits near Kenmore Square after the attack.Hide Caption 26 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosRunners who had not yet finished the race are stopped after the explosions.Hide Caption 27 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosVictims are helped at the scene of the first explosion.Hide Caption 28 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosA man in tears is helped at the scene on Boylston Street.Hide Caption 29 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosPassersby put pressure on a victim's leg to try to stop the bleeding.Hide Caption 30 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosMassachusetts State Police guard an area near Kenmore Square.Hide Caption 31 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosBystanders embrace near the finish line.Hide Caption 32 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosPolice officers gather on Newbury Street.Hide Caption 33 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosWomen and children are escorted away from the scene.Hide Caption 34 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosBomb squad officials check a possible suspicious device near the scene of the blasts.Hide Caption 35 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosA woman is comforted after the blasts.Hide Caption 36 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosTwo injured women are taken away on stretchers. Hide Caption 37 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosAn injured woman is loaded into an ambulance.Hide Caption 38 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosFirst responders load injured people into an ambulance.Hide Caption 39 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosAn injured man is prepared to be moved from a stretcher to an ambulance.Hide Caption 40 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosAn injured woman is placed on a stretcher. Hide Caption 41 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosA runner is comforted following the attack.Hide Caption 42 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosThe Cambridge Police Department's bomb squad investigates unattended personal items left behind after the explosions.Hide Caption 43 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosBystanders check their mobile devices for news of the explosions.Hide Caption 44 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosA member of the bomb squad investigates a suspicious item on the road near Kenmore Square.Hide Caption 45 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosA runner in a wheelchair is taken from a triage tent after the explosions went off.Hide Caption 46 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosPeople comfort each near the site of the blasts.Hide Caption 47 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosRacers and race officials stand by after the explosions.Hide Caption 48 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosEmergency personnel respond to the scene.Hide Caption 49 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosPolice and emergency crews tend to victims.Hide Caption 50 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosAn injured woman is carried away on a stretcher.Hide Caption 51 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosA man lies on the ground after the incident.Hide Caption 52 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosOfficials watch as the first explosion goes off on Boylston Street.Hide Caption 53 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosSpectators leave the bleachers after the explosions.Hide Caption 54 of 55Photos: Deadly attack at Boston Marathon 55 photosPolice inspect one of the blast sites.Hide Caption 55 of 55EXPAND GALLERYMartin had third-degree burns on his back, buttock and left calf. In addition, his body was covered with scrapes, bruises and perforations from blast debris.Assistant U.S. Attorney Nadine Pellegrini's last question for the government's 91st and final witness was this: "How old was Martin Richards?""He was 8 years old," Neilds said.And then the government rested.Bodies riddled with injuries Earlier Monday, a deputy from Neilds' office described the injuries to Lingzi Lu. Katherine Lindstrom, who performed Lu's autopsy, said her thighs were perforated by debris spewed from the blast. Lindstrom said she found two shards of metal in Lu's legs, and a third, larger piece that slashed into her leather purse.Metal and other debris, including pellets and small nails, were embedded in Lu's body. The gashes were "perforating," meaning they went completely though, Lindstrom said.The skin from Lu's left thigh was torn away, and the femoral artery and vein were severed, causing her to bleed to death on the sidewalk "relatively quickly, from seconds to minutes."Just WatchedMany remember Boston victim Lingzi LureplayMore Videos ...Many remember Boston victim Lingzi Lu 02:42PLAY VIDEOLindstrom was shown a series of graphic photos, and described the injuries she saw as "gaping," "slashes" and "cavities in the muscle.""In her left thigh you see a large tear through her skin and muscle. It leaves a large hole that goes completely through her thigh."Last week, jurors heard from Jennifer Hammers, who performed the autopsy on Campbell. Hammers said Campbell's death was a homicide caused by blast injuries to the legs and torso. She said it probably took less than a minute for Campbell to bleed to death on the sidewalk. Several jurors cried and others appeared upset on Thursday as they were shown graphic photos of Campbell, who was standing in front of Marathon Sports on Boylston Street near the finish line when the bomb placed by Tamerlan Tsarnaev exploded.Photos and security surveillance videos introduced during the trial show Dzhokhar Tsarnaev sliding a backpack containing a pressure cooker bomb off his shoulder near the Forum restaurant, a block away. That explosion, 12 seconds after the first, killed Martin and Lu.Hammers went on to explain how the homemade bombs maim and kill and to provide the gruesome details of the damage done to Campbell's body. The initial injuries came as a result of a shock wave from the blast: Campbell's tongue was bruised from being forced against her teeth, the femur of her left leg snapped and the bones in her left foot were crushed. "The seams of her blue jeans were pressed into her body with such force, they caused bruising," Hammers said. Other injuries were caused by bomb materials and debris sent flying through the air. Campbell's hair was singed, the skin on the back of her neck was abraded, and she had a large third-degree burn on her back. The top of her right arm was burned.She had "big, gaping holes in her legs," Hammers said. The gashes were as large as 10 inches. A pellet the size of a BB was embedded in her ear, and other BBs and metal fragments were found in wounds that penetrated her muscles. BBs also riddled her clothes. "Miss Campbell passed away because she lost a significant amount of blood in a short period of time," Hammers said.Just WatchedRemembering Krystle Campbell replayMore Videos ...Remembering Krystle Campbell 02:09PLAY VIDEOBeyond the clinical details of what happened to Campbell's body, jurors also have heard from a friend, who described what must have been the last minute of Campbell's life.Karen Rand McWatters, whose leg was so mangled it had to be amputated, dragged herself to Campbell's side: "I got as close as I could to her. There was so much chaos and so much screaming. For some reason, I got close to her head, and we put our faces together. I never really looked at Krystle's injuries. She very slowly said her legs hurt and we held hands. Very shortly after, her hand went limp and we never spoke again."Prosecutors say the disturbing evidence is needed to prove several of the counts against Tsarnaev: using a weapon of mass destruction, bombing a public place and malicious destruction of property resulting in death. Monday is the 15th day of testimony in the trial, which opened March 4 after lengthy jury selection.Two phases of the trial Jurors first will be asked to determine, perhaps by as early as the end of this week, whether Tsarnaev is guilty of 30 counts. Because 17 of those counts carry the death penalty as a possible punishment, a second phase of the trial will follow if the jury convicts him.In the penalty phase, jurors will be asked to weigh aggravating factors, such as the heinousness of the crime, against mitigating factors, such as Tsarnaev's family history and his youth. He was 19 at the time of the bombings. The defense, which now takes over, has argued that Tsarnaev, known to friends as Jahar, fell under the sway of his more extremist older brother after their parents moved back to Russia. Jahar Tsarnaev was flunking out of the University of Massachusetts and had lost his financial aid at the time of the bombings. Prosecutors William Weinreb, Aloke Chakravarty, Nadine Pellegrini and Steve Mellin presented more than 90 witnesses who told the story of Tsarnaev's alleged scheme with his brother, Tamerlan, to build and detonate pressure cooker bombs as an act of jihad. The Russian-born brothers, Muslims of Chechen descent, allegedly sought to kill Americans at an iconic public event to retaliate against U.S. policies they believed harmed and oppressed Muslims abroad.Prosecutors delved into Tsarnaev's text messages and Twitter posts and showed jurors militant material found in his laptop, phone and iPod. They included writings available online from top leaders of al Qaeda. They used data mined from a GPS device and store receipts to trace the purchase of the pressure cookers, BBs and ammunition. Jurors saw photos of pressure cooker parts, fuses, Christmas lights and other bombmaking materials found in the Tsarnaev family's Cambridge apartment, where Tamerlan lived with his wife and child.And they showed security surveillance videos of the brothers in the crowd near the finish line: In one, Dzhokhar Tsarnaev can be seen blending in with the crowd behind the Richard family for four minutes. He appears to slide a backpack off his shoulder near a tree and walk off, glancing over his shoulder. He broke into a run as the bomb went off.Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosBoston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosAuthorities are releasing evidence in the trial of accused Boston Marathon bomber Dzhokhar Tsarnaev. Be warned: Some of the images in this gallery are graphic. Here, Tsarnaev poses in front of a black standard adopted by various militant Islamist groups in an Instagram photo entered as court evidence.Hide Caption 1 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosProsecutors say Tsarnaev was a self-radicalized jihadist who pored over militant writings, including the article "How to Build a Bomb in the Kitchen of Your Mom." It was found on his laptop and other devices, part of a full-edition download of Inspire magazine, a glossy English-language propaganda tool put out by al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula.Hide Caption 2 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosThis Russian manual on how to fire a handgun was found in the apartment where Tsarnaev's brother, Tamerlan, lived. Tamerlan Tsarnaev was killed in a shootout with police in Watertown, Massachusetts, on April 19, 2013.Hide Caption 3 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosThis copy of The Sovereign, which calls itself the "newspaper of the resistance," was also found in Tamerlan Tsarnaev's apartment.Hide Caption 4 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosPictured here is a box of bullets found on a street after the shootout in Watertown. The brothers' fingerprints were on the box, prosecutors said.Hide Caption 5 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosA pressure cooker was embedded in the side of a resident's Honda during the Watertown shootout.Hide Caption 6 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosPhotos of the Watertown shootout were entered into evidence. Neighbors came to their windows and then retreated. One grabbed his infant son and headed toward the back of his house with his wife. Another grabbed a camera and took photographs from an upstairs window.Hide Caption 7 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosThe Tsarnaevs had carjacked a Mercedes SUV in Watertown before the shootout. The vehicle was covered in bulletholes, and the rear window was shattered.Hide Caption 8 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosThis unexploded pipe bomb was found at the scene of the shootout between police and the Tsarnaev brothers in Watertown.Hide Caption 9 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosProsecutors said these boards were attached to the boat where police found Dzhokhar Tsarnaev hiding. A carved message reads, "Stop killing our innocent people and we will stop."Hide Caption 10 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosSmashed phones and an ATM card owned by carjacking victim Dun Meng were in the yard where Dzhokhar Tsarnaev was found.Hide Caption 11 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosProsecutors say this surveillance image shows Tsarnaev visiting an ATM hours before a police chase and chaotic shootout in which more than 200 rounds were fired.Hide Caption 12 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosAnother view of Tsarnaev's visit to the ATM.Hide Caption 13 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosExhibits related to the shooting death of MIT Officer Sean Collier were introduced to the jury on Wednesday, March 11. This image from the crime scene appears to show a bloody gun.Hide Caption 14 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosThis burned tank top and yellow hoodie belonged to bombing survivor Jessica Kensky.Hide Caption 15 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosProsecutors say this Fox Racing logo was from one of the backpacks containing a bomb.Hide Caption 16 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosProsecutors say this still image from surveillance video shows Tsarnaev in the UMass Dartmouth gym the day after the bombings.Hide Caption 17 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosProsecutors showed the jury photos of what they say are Tsarnaev's writings inside the boat he was captured in.Hide Caption 18 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosThis image is from a surveillance camera outside the Forum restaurant in Boston's Copley Square just after the bombing.Hide Caption 19 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosProsecutors presented two Twitter accounts linked to Tsarnaev that, they said, showed targeting the marathon had been on his mind for at least a year. One account, @J_tsar, contained 1,100 tweets and was the more mainstream of the two. On the day of the 2012 Boston Marathon, a tweet from the account read, "They will spend their money & they will regret it & they will be defeated."Hide Caption 20 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosProsecutors said the second Twitter account is evidence that Tsarnaev led a double life. By day, he was a slacker college sophomore. By night, he was a wannabe jihadist, posting on the account @Al_firdausiA. In one tweet, he urged people to listen to radical cleric Anwar al-Awlaki's lectures. "You will gain an unbelievable amount of knowledge," he said in March 2013, just weeks before the bombings. Prosecutors also allege in an indictment that Tsarnaev downloaded al-Awlaki's writings, calling him a "well-known al Qaeda propagandist." Al-Awlaki had been killed in a U.S. drone strike in 2011.Hide Caption 21 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosA Boston Marathon bombing victim is tended to in the street.Hide Caption 22 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosVictims at the finish line just after the bombing.Hide Caption 23 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosEight-year-old Martin Richard, the youngest victim, can be seen standing on the rail in the front row.Hide Caption 24 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosA closer view of 8-year-old Martin Richard in the crowd before the bombing.Hide Caption 25 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosBoston police tend to a wounded child. CNN has chosen not to show the young victim's face.Hide Caption 26 of 27Boston Marathon bombing evidence 27 photosMayhem along Boylston Street.Hide Caption 27 of 27EXPAND GALLERYAfter the surveillance photos were released to the public three days after the bombing, the brothers allegedly embarked on a desperate -- and deadly -- attempt to escape. Jurors heard from carjacking victim Dun Meng and saw the brothers on convenience store surveillance video shortly before Meng's escape. He can be seen jumping out of his leased Mercedes SUV at a gas pump and running across the screen as Dzhokhar Tsarnaev casually strolls through the store, picking up an armload of snacks. Prosecutors also used ballistic evidence to link the brothers to the shooting of a campus cop at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a gunbattle with police in Watertown. Tamerlan Tsarnaev, 26, died as a result of that gunbattle. The defendant, allegedly attempting to run down police, instead ran over his brother in the stolen Mercedes.Jurors also viewed a boat in which Dzhokhar Tsarnaev sought refuge during the ensuing manhunt, which put Boston under a "shelter in place" lockdown. He used a pencil to scrawl what prosecutors called his "manifesto" on the sides of the boat. It was pocked with bullet holes and streaked with blood. He wrote he was jealous that his brother had achieved paradise by dying like a holy warrior in the gunbattle with police. He asked God to make him a martyr, too. His justification for his actions echoed themes of the militant material on his laptop:"The U.S. Government is killing our innocent civilians but most of you already know that," he wrote. "Know you are fighting men who look into the barrel of your gun and see heaven, now how can you compete with that. We are promised victory and we will surely get it."He wrote that he couldn't stand to see the U.S. government "go unpunished" for killing Muslims. "We Muslims are one body, you hurt one you hurt us all."He ended with: "Now I don't like killing innocent people it is forbidden in Islam but due to said" -- the word was lost to a bullet hole -- "it is allowed."Tsarnaev has pleaded not guilty, although his attorneys do not dispute that he participated in the bombings. Lead defense attorney Judy Clarke asked jurors in her opening statement to keep their minds open to an alternative explanation.The challenge for the defense will be to present a case that can somehow soften the harsh, unforgettable images jurors saw of ordinary people meeting a horrific end.CNN's Alexandra Field and Aaron Cooper contributed to this report.
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